The  2-D materials are crystalline solids that exist in atomically thin layers, often only one or a few atoms thick, giving them extraordinary electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties unlike traditional bulk materials. Their ultra-thin nature creates quantum-driven behaviors that make them highly attractive for next-generation technologies. Graphene is the most well-known 2-D material, but the field now extends far beyond it, including transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), MXenes, phosphorene, and 2-D oxides. These materials typically have strong in-plane chemical bonding but weak inter-layer van der Waals forces, which allow single layers to be peeled or synthesized with great precision. Their 2-D structure provides an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio, enabling efficient charge transport, controlled light–matter interactions, and tunable bandgaps that can be engineered through thickness variations or chemical functionalization.

Because of these properties, 2-D materials are being explored for use in semiconductors, flexible electronics, ultra-fast transistors, sensors, water-filtration membranes, corrosion-resistant coatings, supercapacitors, and high-performance batteries. Many 2-D materials can also be stacked like atomic sheets to form heterostructures, where multiple layers of different 2-D materials combine to create entirely new characteristics. Their strength, transparency, and conductivity make them central to innovations in lightweight energy systems, transparent displays, medical sensing devices, and nanoscale computing architectures, shaping the future of smart materials.